Everything about Cbs totally explained
» This article is about the broadcast network. For its parent company, see CBS Corporation. For other uses of CBS, see CBS (disambiguation)
CBS Broadcasting Inc. (
CBS) is one of the largest
radio and
television networks in the
United States. The name is derived from the initials of
Columbia Broadcasting System, its former legal name. The network is sometimes referred to as the
Tiffany Network, which alludes to the perceived quality of CBS programming during the tenure of its founder
William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBS's first demonstrations of color television, which were held in a former
Tiffany & Co. building in
New York City in 1950.
The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a collection of 16 radio stations that was bought by William S. Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks. In 1974, CBS dropped its full name and became known simply as
CBS, Inc. The
Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 and eventually adopted the name of the company it had bought to become
CBS Corporation. In 2000, CBS came under the control of
Viacom, which coincidentally had begun as a spin-off of CBS in 1971. In late 2005, Viacom split itself and reestablished
CBS Corporation with the CBS television network at its core. CBS Corporation and the new Viacom are controlled by
Sumner Redstone through
National Amusements, the parent of the two companies.
History
Early years
CBS can trace its origins to the creation, on
January 21,
1927, of the "United Independent Broadcasters" network, found in Chicago. Established by
New York talent agent
Arthur Judson, United soon looked for additional investors; the Columbia Phonographic Manufacturing Company (also owners of
Columbia Records), rescued the company in April 1927, and as a result, the network was renamed "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System." Columbia Phonographic went on the air on
September 18,
1927, from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and 15 affiliates.
Unable to sell enough air time to advertisers, on
September 25,
1927, Columbia sold the network for $500,000 to
William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar manufacturer. With Columbia Phonographic's removal, Paley streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System". Paley believed in the power of radio advertising; his family's company had seen their "La Palina" cigar become a best-seller after young William convinced his elders to advertise it on Philadelphia station
WCAU.
In November 1927, Columbia paid $410,000 to
A.H. Grebe's
Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the network's
flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to a stronger frequency, 860
kHz. (In 1946, WABC was re-named
WCBS; the station moved to a new frequency, 880 kHz, in the FCC's 1941 reassignment of stations.) It was where much of CBS's programming originated; other owned-and-operated stations were
KNX Los Angeles,
KCBS San Francisco (originally KQW),
WBBM Chicago,
WJSV Washington, DC (later
WTOP, which moved to the FM dial in 2005; the AM facility today is
WWWT, also a CBS Radio affiliate),
KMOX St. Louis, and
WCCO Minneapolis. These remain the core affiliates of the
CBS Radio Network today, with
WCBS
still the flagship, and all, but WTOP/WWWT (both
Bonneville Broadcasting properties) owned by CBS Radio.
Later in 1928, another investor,
Paramount Pictures (who ironically would eventually be co-owned with CBS, see below), bought Columbia stock, and for a time it was thought the network would be renamed "Paramount Radio". Any chance of further Paramount involvement ended with the
1929 stock market crash; the near-bankrupt studio sold its shares back to CBS in 1932.
As the third national network, CBS soon had more affiliates than either of
NBC's two, in part because of a more generous rate of payment to affiliates. NBC's owner and founder of RCA, David Sarnoff, believed in technology, so NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "
clear channel" frequencies. Paley believed in the power of programming, and CBS quickly established itself as the home of many popular musical and comedy stars, among them
Bing Crosby,
Al Jolson,
George Burns &
Gracie Allen, and
Kate Smith. In 1938, NBC and CBS each opened studios in Hollywood to attract movieland's top talent to their networks – NBC at Radio City on Sunset and Vine, CBS two blocks away at
Columbia Square.
In the hard times of the early 1930s, CBS radio broadened its offerings; having refused an
AP franchise for news, Paley launched an independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former
New York Times man Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Another early hire, in 1935, was
Edward R. Murrow, brought in as "Director of Talks." It was Murrow's reports, particularly during the dark days of the
London Blitz, which contributed to CBS News' image for on-the-spot coverage. As European news chief and later head of the news division, Murrow assembled a team of reporters and editors that propelled CBS News to the forefront of the industry.
On
October 30,
1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when
Orson Welles and the
Mercury Theatre broadcast an adaptation of
H. G. Wells'
The War of the Worlds. Its unique format, a contemporary version of the story in the form of
faux news broadcasts, had many CBS listeners panicked into believing invaders from
Mars were actually devastating
Grovers Mill,
New Jersey, despite three disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. CBS would later revive the format for television in the 1990s for
Without Warning, which told the story of asteroids crashing to Earth, but the television format allowed for disclaimers to air at every commercial break, avoiding a replay of what happened in 1938.
Also in 1938, CBS bought
American Record Corporation, the parent of its former investor
Columbia Records.
Before the onset of
World War II, CBS recruited
Edmund A. Chester from his position as Bureau Chief for Latin America at
Associated Press to serve as Director of Latin American Relations and Director of Short Wave Broadcasts for the CBS radio network (1940). In this capacity, Mr. Chester coordinated the development of the
Network of the Americas (La Cadena de las Americas) with the
Department of State, the Office for Inter-American Affairs (as chaired by
Nelson Rockefeller) and
Voice of America. This network provided vital news and cultural programming throughout
South America and
Central America during the crucial World War II era and fostered benevolent diplomatic relations between the
United States of America and the less developed nations of the continent. It featured such popular radio broadcasts as
Viva America (External Link) which showcased leading musical talent from both North and South America
accompanied by the
CBS Pan American Orchestra under the musical direction of
Alfredo Antonini. The post war era also marked the beginning of CBS's dominance in the field of radio as well
As long as radio was the dominant advertising medium, CBS dominated broadcasting. All through the 1950s and 1960s, CBS programs were often the highest-rated. A much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC in the mid-1940s brought
Jack Benny,
Edgar Bergen and
Amos 'n' Andy into the CBS fold. Paley also was an innovator in creating original programming; since broadcasting's earliest days, time had been sold to advertising agencies in half- or full-hour blocks. The ad agencies, not the networks, would then create the program to fill the time, thus it was " 'The Johnson's Wax Program', with
Fibber McGee & Molly", or " 'The
Pepsodent Show', with
Bob Hope." At Paley's urging, beginning in the mid-1940s, CBS began creating its own programs; among the long-running shows that came from this project were
You Are There (born as
CBS Was There),
My Favorite Husband (starring
Lucille Ball; the show proved a kind of blueprint for her big CBS television hit
I Love Lucy),
Our Miss Brooks (whose star,
Eve Arden, was encouraged personally by Paley to try out for the title role),
Gunsmoke and
The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet. In time this idea was carried further, selling ad time by the minute, so ad agencies no longer had complete control over what went out over "Paley's air".
CBS moved at a deliberate pace into
television; as late as 1950 it owned only one station;
radio continued to be the backbone of the company. Gradually, as the television network took shape, big radio stars began to drift to television. The radio
soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and still airs today; Burns & Allen made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later;
Our Miss Brooks in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated
Jack Benny radio show ended in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday-night show went off the air in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money, it was clear where the future lie. When the soap opera
Ma Perkins went off the air
November 25,
1960 only eight, relatively minor series remained. Prime-time radio ended on
September 30,
1962, when the legendary
Suspense aired for the final time.
After the retirement of talk-show pioneer
Arthur Godfrey in 1972, CBS radio programming consisted of hourly news broadcast and an extensive schedule of news features, known in the 1970s as Dimension, and commentaries, including the well received Spectrum series of commentaries which evolved into the Point/Counterpoint feature on the television network's 60 Minutes and First Line Report, a well-regarded news and analysis feature delivered by CBS correspondents and offered to the CBS radio stations. The network also continued to offer traditional radio programming through its nightly "CBS Mystery Theater", the lone holdout of old-style programming. The
CBS Radio Network continues to this day, but offers primarily its well-regarded newscasts, including its centerpiece World News Roundup in the morning and evening and news-related features like "The Osgood File" and "
Harry Smith Reporting" as well as other talk properties like "
Opie and Anthony"
The television years: expansion and growth
CBS's first television broadcasts were experimental, often only for one hour a day, and reaching a limited area in and around New York City (over station W2XAB channel 2, later called WCBW and finally WCBS-TV). To catch up with rival RCA, CBS bought Hytron Laboratories in 1939, and immediately moved into set production and color broadcasting. Though there were many competing patents and systems, RCA dictated the content of the
FCC's technical standards, and grabbed the spotlight from CBS,
DuMont and others by introducing television to the general public at the
1939 New York World's Fair. The FCC began licensing commercial television stations on
July 1,
1941; the first license went to RCA and NBC's WNBT (now
WNBC); the second license, issued that same day, was to WCBW, (now
WCBS). CBS-Hytron offered a practical color system in 1941, but it wasn't compatible with the black-and-white standards set down by RCA. In time, and after considerable dithering, the FCC rejected CBS's technology in favor of that backed by RCA.
During the
World War II years, commercial television broadcasting was reduced dramatically. Toward the end of the war, commercial television began to ramp up again, with an increased level of programming evident in the 1945–1947 period on the three New York television stations which operated in those years (the local stations of NBC, CBS and DuMont) But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged, advocating an industry-wide shift and re-start to UHF for their incompatible (with black and white) color system. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS begin to buy or build their own stations (outside of New York) in Los Angeles, Chicago and other major cities. Up to that point, CBS programming was seen on such stations as KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles, which CBS--as a bit of insurance and to guarantee program clearance in Los Angeles--quickly purchased a 50% interest in. CBS then sold their interest in KTTV and purchased outright Los Angeles pioneer station KTSL (Channel 2) in 1950, renaming it KNXT (after CBS' existing Los Angeles radio property, KNX), later to become KCBS. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mid-forties had brought over established radio stars; they now became stars of CBS television as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, "My Favorite Husband", to television unless the network would re-cast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. Paley and network president
Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of
Lucille Ball's series, re-dubbed
I Love Lucy, that they granted her wish and allowed the husband,
Desi Arnaz, to take financial control of the production. This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz
Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day.
In the late 1940s, CBS offered imaginative and historic live television coverage of the proceedings
United Nations General Assembly(1949). This journalist tour-de-force was under the direction of
Edmund A. Chester, who was appointed to the post of Director for News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. The broadcast clearly underscored CBS's long term commitment to excellence in broadcast journalism in the post World War II era.
As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio. In 1953, the CBS television network would make its first profit, and would maintain dominance on television between the years 1955 and 1976 as well The Eye device was conceived by
William Golden based on a
Pennsylvania Dutch hex sign as well as a
Shaker drawing. (While commonly attributed to Golden, there's speculation that at least some design work on the symbol may have been done by another CBS staff designer, Georg Olden, one of the first African-Americans to achieve some notoriety in the postwar graphic design field.) The Eye device made its broadcasting debut on
October 20,
1951. The following season, as
Golden prepared a new
ident, CBS President
Frank Stanton insisted on keeping the Eye device and using it as much as possible.
An example of CBS Television Network's imaging (and the distinction between the television and radio networks) may be seen in a video of the
Jack Benny Program (undated) which aired on the television network. The video appears to be converted from
kinescope, and "unscoped" or unedited. One sees the program as very nearly one would have seen it on live television.
Don Wilson is the program announcer, but also voices a promo for "Private Secretary", which alternated weekly with
Jack Benny on the television network schedule. Benny continued to appear on CBS radio and television at that time, and Wilson makes a promo announcement at the end of the broadcast for Benny's radio program on the
CBS Radio Network. The program closes with the "CBS Television Network" ID slide (the "CBS eye" over a field of clouds with the words "
CBS Television Network" superimposed over the eye). There is, however, no voiceover accompanying the ID slide. It is unclear whether it was simply absent from the recording or never originally broadcast.
The CBS eye is now an American icon. While the symbol's settings have changed, the Eye device itself hasn't been redesigned in its entire history. In the network’s new graphic identity created by
Trollback + Company in 2006, the eye is being placed in a “trademark” position on show titles, days of the week and descriptive words, an approach highly respecting the value of the eye. The eye logo has frequently been copied or borrowed by television networks around the world, notable examples being the Austrian Broadcasting System (
ORF) which used to use a red version of the eye logo,
Associated TeleVision in the
United Kingdom and
Frecuencia Latina in
Peru. The logo is alternately known as the
Eyemark, which was also the name of CBS's domestic and international
syndication divisions in the mid to late 90s before the King World acquisition and Viacom merger.
Through the years, CBS has developed several notable image campaigns, and several of the network's most well-known slogans date from the 1980s. 1981's "Reach for the Stars" used a space-themed campaign to capitalize on both CBS's stellar improvement in the ratings and the historic launch of the space shuttle Columbia. 1982's "Great Moments" juxtaposed scenes from classic CBS programming such as "I Love Lucy" with scenes from the network's then-current classics such as "Dallas" and "M*A*S*H". From 1983 through 1986, CBS (by now firmly atop the ratings) featured a campaign based on the slogan "We've Got the Touch". Vocals for the campaign's jingle were contributed by Richie Havens (1983-1984 and 1984-1985), Aaron Neville (1984-1985) and Kenny Rogers (1985-1986). The 1986-1987 programming season ushered in the "Share the Spirit of CBS" campaign, the network's first to use full-out computer graphics and DVE effects. Unlike most network campaign promos, the full length version of Share the Spirit not only showed a brief clip preview of each new fall series, but also utilized the CGI effects to map out the entire fall schedule by night. The success of that campaign led to the 1987-1988 "CBSpirit" campaign. Most CBSpirit promos utilized a procession of show clips once again. However, the new graphic motif was a swirling (or "swishing") blue line, that was used to represent "the spirit". The full length promo, like the previous year, had a special portion that identified new fall shows, but the mapped-out fall schedule shot was abandoned.
For the 1988-1989 season, CBS unveiled its new image campaign, officially known as "Television You Can Feel" but more commonly identified as "You Can Feel It On CBS". The goal was to convey a more sensual, new-age image through distinguished, advanced-looking computer graphics and soothing music, backgrounding images and clips of emotionally-powerful scenes and characters. However, it was this season in which CBS began its ratings free fall, the deepest in the network's history. CBS ended the decade with "Get Ready for CBS". The 1989-90 version was a very ambitious campaign that attempted to elevate CBS out of last place (among the major networks); the motif was network stars interacting with each other in a remote studio set, getting ready for photo and TV shoots, as well as for the new season on CBS. The high-energy promo song and the campaign's practices saw many variations across the country as every CBS affiliate participated in it, as per a network mandate. Also, for the first time in history, CBS became the first broadcast network to team with a national retailer to encourage viewership, with the CBS/Kmart Get Ready Giveaway. For the 1990-91 season, the campaign featured a new jingle -
The Temptations offered an altered version of their hit "Get Ready". The early 1990s featured less-than-memorable campaigns, with simplified taglines such as "This is CBS" and "You're On CBS". Eventually, the advertising department gained momentum again late in the decade with
Welcome Home to a CBS Night (1996-1997), simplified to
Welcome Home (1997-1999) and succeeded by the spin-off campaign
The Address is CBS (1999-2000). Throughout the 2000s, CBS's ratings resurgence was backed by their "It's All Here" campaign, and their strategy led, in 2005, to the proclamation that they were "America's Most Watched Network". Their most-recent campaign, beginning in 2006, proclaims "We Are CBS".
Programming
CBS presently operates on an 87½-hour regular network programming schedule. It provides 22 hours of
prime time programming to affiliated stations: 8–11 p.m. Monday to Saturday (all times ET/PT) and 7–11 p.m. on Sundays. Programming will also be provided 11 a.m.–4 p.m. weekdays (
The Price Is Right and soaps
The Young and the Restless,
The Bold and the Beautiful,
As the World Turns and
Guiding Light); 7–9 a.m. weekdays and Saturdays (
The Early Show);
CBS News Sunday Morning, nightly editions of the
CBS Evening News, the Sunday political talk show
Face the Nation, a 2½-hour early morning news program
Up to the Minute and
CBS Morning News; the late night talk shows
Late Show with David Letterman and
The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson; and a three-hour Saturday morning live-action/animation block under the name
KEWLopolis.
In addition, sports programming routinely appears on the weekends, although with a somewhat unpredictable schedule (mostly between noon and 7:00 p.m. ET).
Prime time
Returning comedies are in
red; new comedies are in
pink; returning dramas are in
green; new dramas are in
blue; returning reality shows are in
yellow; returning game shows are in
orange; news programming is in
brown.
All times are
Eastern and
Pacific (subtract one hour for
Central and
Mountain time).
(External Link)
Fall 2008
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Daytime
As of 2007,
CBS airs four daytime soap operas each weekday:
The Young and the Restless (1973- ),
The Bold and the Beautiful (1987- ),
As the World Turns (1956- ), and
Guiding Light (which debuted on radio in 1937 and moved to TV in 1952). While most CBS affiliates air the soaps in this order, some do not.
Notable daytime soaps that once aired on CBS include
Love of Life (1951–1980),
Search for Tomorrow (1951–1982), which later moved to NBC,
The Secret Storm (1954–1974),
The Edge of Night (1956–1975), which later moved to ABC, and
Capitol (1982–1987).
CBS' daytime schedule is also the home of the popular long-running game show
The Price is Right.
The Price is Right, which began production in 1972, is notable as the longest (and last) continuously running daytime game show on network television.
Notable daytime game shows that once aired on CBS include
Pyramid (1973-1974, 1982-1988),
Match Game (1973-1979),
Tattletales (1974-1978 and 1982-1984), and
Family Feud (1988-1993). CBS games that also aired in prime time include
Beat the Clock (1950-1958 and 1979-1980),
To Tell the Truth (1956-1968) and
Password (1961-67, with a planned 2008 revival in development). Two long-running primetime-only games were the panel shows
What's My Line? (1950-1967) and
I've Got a Secret (1952-1968, 1976).
Children's programming
CBS broadcast the live action series
Captain Kangaroo on weekday mornings from 1955 through 1982, and on Saturdays through 1984. From 1971 through 1986, the CBS News department produced one-minute
In the News segments broadcast between other Saturday morning programs. Otherwise, in regards to children's programming, CBS has aired mostly animated series for kids, such as
. In 1997, CBS began broadcasting
Wheel 2000, and was broadcasting it simultaneously with
GSN.
By 2000, CBS began contracting out to other companies to provide programming and material for their Saturday morning schedule, The first of these special blocks was
The CBS Kids Show, which featured programming from Canada's
Nelvana studio. It aired on CBS Saturday mornings during 2000 and 2001, with shows like
Anatole,
Mythic Warriors, Rescue Heroes,
Flying Rhino Junior High, etc. Its tagline was,
"The CBS Kids Show: Get in the Act."
In 2000, CBS's deal with Nelvana ended; the
CBS Kids Show block was replaced with another block of programming from a network which, at the time, was in the same family as CBS --
Nick Jr. on CBS.
In 2001, CBS began a deal with
Nickelodeon (owned by CBS's former parent company Viacom, which at one time was a subsidiary of CBS) to air its original programming under the banner
Nick on CBS. In 2004, CBS changed the lineup by going for the somewhat undercourted preschool market by switching its lineup from programming from Nickelodeon back to
Nick Jr. In 2006, after the Viacom-CBS split (as described above), CBS decided to discontinue the Nick Jr. lineup in favor of a lineup of programs produced by
DiC, as part of a 3-year deal which includes distribution of selected Formula One auto races on tape delay.
In 2006 the
Nick on CBS blocked was replaced with
KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS. In the inaugural line-up, two of the programs were new shows, one aired in syndication in 2005 and three were pre-2006 shows. In mid-2007, KOL withdrew sponsorship from CBS's Saturday Morning Block and the name was changed to
KEWLopolis on CBS. Complimenting CBS's 2007 line-up was
Care Bears,
Strawberry Shortcake, and
Sushi Pack.
International broadcasts
CBS isn't shown outside North and Central America on a channel in its own right. However, CBS News is shown for a few hours a day on satellite channel
Orbit News in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The CBS Evening News is shown in the UK, Ireland and Australia on
Sky News, despite the fact that Sky is part of
News Corporation (owners of
Fox News).
In
Australia,
Network Ten has an output deal with CBS Paramount giving them rights to carry the programs
Jericho,
Dr. Phil,
Late Show with David Letterman,
NCIS and
NUMB3RS as well access to stories from
60 Minutes (the rights of which have been sold to the
Nine Network which broadcasts its own 60 Minutes).
In
Bermuda, there's a CBS affiliate owned by the state-run
Bermuda Broadcasting Company using the callsign
ZBM.
In
Canada, CBS, like all major American TV networks, is carried in the basic program package of all cable and satellite providers. The broadcast is shown exactly the same in
Canada as in the
United States. However, CBS's programming on Canadian cable and satellite systems are subject to the practice of "
simsubbing", in which a signal of a Canadian station is placed over CBS's signal, if the programming at that time is the same. As well, many Canadians live close enough to a major American city to pick up the over the air broadcast signal of an American CBS affiliate with an antenna.
Criticism
In 1982, the network aired the documentary
The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, suggesting
General William Westmoreland deliberately misled the public about the
Vietnam War in order to maintain public support. Westmoreland filed a 120 million dollar libel suit that was ultimately settled in exchange for an on-air clarification. However, an internal study found that the documentary had violated CBS News Standards.
In 2004, the
FCC imposed a record $550,000 fine on CBS for its broadcast of a
Super Bowl half-time show (produced by then sister-unit MTV) in which singer
Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. It was the largest fine ever for a violation of federal decency laws. Following the incident CBS apologized to its viewers and denied foreknowledge of the event, which was broadcast live on TV.
CBS suffered another embarrassment in September of that year, when the network aired a controversial episode of
60 Minutes, which questioned
U.S. President George W. Bush's service in the
National Guard. Following allegations of
forgery, CBS News admitted that
documents used in the story hadn't been properly authenticated. The following January, CBS fired four people connected to the preparation of the news-segment.
Former network news anchor
Dan Rather has filed a $70 million lawsuit against CBS, contending the story, and his termination were mishandled. Another former network anchor, Ted Koppel of ABC said he believed the departure of Rather from CBS was a 'travesty' and he hoped the suit would bring Rather "some relief from his emotional pain."
In 2006, CBS announced it would air only three of its NFL games per week in high definition. The move created some outrage among fans, with some accusing the network of being "cheap."
See main article: NFL on CBS HDTV coverage
In 2007, retired Army Major Gen.
John Batiste, consultant to
CBS News, appeared in a political ad for
VoteVets.org critical of President Bush and the war in Iraq.
Two days later, CBS stated that appearing in the ad violated Batiste's contract with them and the agreement was terminated.
CBS has also received much criticism for its "egg-vertisement" campaign in 2006, which was repeatedly described as "invasive" and "unnatural".
(External Link)
Partnership
CBS is partner with
Wetpaint, a
wiki farm company.
CBS also has engaged in "egg-vertisng", a campaign in the Fall of 2006 which etched television advertisements in 35 million eggs across North America.
(External Link) (External Link)Further Information
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